Copernican Reference Frame Simulator

Choose a reference body to compare simple Sun-centered ellipses with more complex relative paths.

Interactive solar system simulation showing planetary orbits.
T+ 0d 00h
View
Planets
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
All
Time Warp
Time T = 0.00 years
What is a reference frame? It is a coordinate choice: you decide which body stays at the center while the others are described relative to it. Any body can be chosen, but some choices make the motion much simpler to describe.

What you are seeing: This is an approximate top-down 2D model of the planets in the ecliptic plane. Positions are computed using the Astronomy Engine library with full planetary ephemerides. This is not a literal map of how planets move against the background stars in the sky.

Try this: Start with the Sun at the center and turn on trails. You will see clean ellipses. Switch to Earth and Mars will draw looping relative paths. Those loops are not Mars literally circling Earth in space; they show the pattern of relative motion behind retrograde motion as Earth overtakes Mars.

Historical idea: Ptolemy described the planets from Earth using epicycles. Copernicus treated Earth as a planet orbiting the Sun, which explained planetary order and retrograde motion more coherently, although his own model still relied on circles and epicycles. Kepler later showed that planetary orbits are ellipses with the Sun at one focus, and that later Keplerian model is what this app uses.

Trails are cleared when you switch center because each trail only makes sense in the current reference frame.